Flame-proofed polymer composition

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a flame-proofed vulcanised polymer composition that contains, as a polymer component, at least one halogen-free, olefinic M-group elastomer with a saturated main chain, at an amount of more than 50 phr in relation to the polymer components. The invention is characterised in that at least one or a combination of different halogen-free water-releasing flame retardants is contained at a total amount of between 30 and 130 phr, and in that the amount of mineral oil plasticisers in the composition is less than or equal to 50 phr.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/560,925, filed on Sep. 22, 2017, which is the U.S. National Stage ofInternational Application No. PCT/AT2016/050078, filed Mar. 24, 2016,which designated the United States and has been published asInternational Publication No. WO 2016/149729 A1 and which claims thepriority of Austrian Patent Application, Serial No. A50240/2015, filedMar. 25, 2015, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119(a)-(d).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a frame-proofed polymer composition.

Elastic elements, made for example from rubber, having noflame-retarding or fire-retarding properties per se, are required forsome applications, partly on the basis of standards or statutoryrequirements. Previously, natural rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR) hasbeen used as base polymers for dynamic applications. They have excellentmechanical properties and wear characteristics, but no flame-retardingor fire-retarding properties that meet the requirements of EN 45545-2.This relates in particular to problems concerning smoke density (NR, CR)and toxicity (CR).

Achieving low flammability, in particular according to standard EN45545-2, with the associated high requirements in respect of flamepropagation, optical smoke density, smoke toxicity and heat releaserate, requires special attention to the selection of the polymers. Thehigh requirements regarding smoke density and toxicity essentiallypreclude, for example, the application of halogen-containing polymers,e.g. chloroprene rubber (CR) or R-group elastomers with unsaturated mainchains, e.g. nitrile rubber, for example HNBR. M-group olefin polymershaving a low resistance to crack formation and growth under static anddynamic stress, and poor resistance to lubricating oils and greases,such as vinyl-acetate-containing thermoplastic polymers, are preferablyused, in order to meet the requirements with respect to smoke gasdensity in toxicity.

It is also known to use elastomers with large amounts of flameretardants and/or fire retardants, the material properties however beingstrongly affected by the incorporation of such substances, wherein anelement made from such rubber can no longer fulfil the static anddynamic properties required for the application.

In a dynamic application, for example as a spring element or dampingelement or similar, typically hydrodynamically loaded elements, onvehicles for example, cannot on the other hand satisfactorily meet therequired fire protection provisions using known elastic elements basedon NR and CR.

Currently, for example for elastomer articles in the area of railvehicles, the problem arises that both EN 45545-2 HL3 (e,g. R9, R22/23)as well as the requirements of DIN 5514 (profile) and/or of BN 918043(elastomers for technical purposes) are not be equally satisfied using asingle material.

In order to solve this problem, attempts have been made to providematerial combinations in order to keep the protected elastic core freefrom flame retardants. Such composite elements are described for examplein DE 38 31 894 A1 or WO 2010/069842.

Further polymers, flame-retardant-containing mixtures from ethylenevinyl acetate with ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber are knownfrom the prior art. In most cases, cross-linking is achieved by peroxidecross-linking or by irradiation. Such mixtures are primarily used forcoating cables or electrical lines. Thus, for example, flame-proofedcompositions of EVA, EPDM and LLDPE are described in EP 2 343 334 A2,which comprise a peroxide cross-linking system formed through dicumylperoxide. These materials are mostly based on EVA with small additionsof EPDM/EPM or PE.

Numerous polymer mixtures with dynamically cross-linked thermoplasticelastomers (TPV and/or TPE-V) are also known. These are two-phasesystems, in which finely dispersed cross-linked rubber particles areincorporated in a continuous plastic matrix. At room temperature,thermoplastic elastomers behave comparably to conventional elastomers,but are however plastically deformable on application of heat andexhibit thermoplastic behaviour at elevated temperatures. This isundesirable for use as damping components, for example for railvehicles, where the components need to retain their elastic propertiesat higher temperatures. Thermoplastics elastomers are accordinglyunsuitable for this purpose.

Further sulfur cross-linked mixtures of EPDM and EVA are described in WO2014/019008, which can be filled with very large amounts of flameretardants and have accordingly good flame resistance, but whichnevertheless retain their advantageous mechanical properties due to aspecial sulfur cross-linking system.

It is also often sought to use plasticisers in order to correct themechanical properties impaired by the higher proportion of flameretardants, in particular in terms of hardness and stiffness. Suchelastomer mixtures, for example those based on EPDM or EPM, typicallycontain high proportions of mineral oil plasticisers in order, inparticular, to improve the processing properties (flowability) and toadjust the mechanical characteristics such as the hardness and modulus.Typical quantities used are from 50 to 200 phr (parts per hundredrubber) with respect to the polymer.

Mineral oils are petroleum products and complex compositions ofhydrocarbon mixtures and comprise paraffinic, naphthenic and aromaticcomponents. For non-polar or weakly-polar olefin elastomers, mineraloils are used for reasons of polarity and thus compatibility, whichshould have a proportion of aromatically bonded carbon atoms(C_(aromatic)) not greater than 50 wt. % with respect to 100 wt. %mineral oil. For reasons of polarity, only mineral oils withpredominantly paraffinic or naphthenic components can be used for theseconstituents.

A typical formulation of such a known polymer composition comprises thefollowing composition:

EPDM 100 phr

carbon black 20 phr

aluminium hydroxide (ATH) 180 phr

zinc borate 50 phr

plasticiser 45 phr

cross-linking chemicals: 12 phr

processing aids: 5 phr

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The content of water-releasing flame retardants in this case is 230 phr.Such mixtures can fulfil the fire protection requirements of EN 45545-2(R22/23, R9), but are however disadvantageous due to the poor mechanicalproperties resulting from the high content of flame retardants:

hardness: 64 Shore A

density: 1.47 g/cm³

elasticity: 31%

tensile strength 4.2 MPa

elongation at break 560%

wear volume: >600 cm³

According to one aspect of the invention, a flame retardant, vulcanisedpolymer composition includes at least one halogen-free water-releasingflame retardant or a combination of different halogen-freewater-releasing flame retardants are contained in a proportion of intotal 30 to 130 phr, and the proportion of mineral oil plasticisers inthe composition is less than or equal to 50 phr.

According to the invention, at least one halogen-free water-releasingflame retardant or a combination of different halogen-freewater-releasing flame retardants are contained in a proportion of intotal 30 to 130 phr, and the proportion of mineral oil plasticisers inthe composition is less than or equal to 50 phr.

As described above, it is usual that in such elastomers that the contentof flame retardant is set as high as possible in order to meet the fireprotection standards. However, as this will often worsen mechanicalproperties to below tolerable values, attempts have been made tocounteract this through the use of larger amounts of mineral oilplasticisers and to thus improve the mechanical properties.

However, it has now been surprisingly observed that this approach, i.e.the indiscriminate use of mineral oil plasticisers, iscounter-productive and can result in significant disadvantages withrespect to fire performance.

Accordingly, it was not expected that in the case of the compositionaccording to the invention, despite the counter-intuitive andconsiderable reduction of the proportion of water-releasing flameretardants to below 130 phr, contrary to expectations no reduction inthe fire protection properties arose, rather it was possible to meetboth the fire protection standard EN 45545-2 as well as the requiredmechanical properties DIN 5514 (profile, e.g. tensile strength >8.5 MPa,wear volume <300 mm³) and/or BN 918043 (elastomers for technicalpurposes, tensile strength >8 Mpa GI and wear volume less than or equalto 300 mm³ for N II).

The proportion of additives in the mineral oil plasticisers was found tobe relevant in this context. These additives should be kept as low aspossible, or even excluded, in the mixture. A mineral oil plasticisercontent exceeding the value of 50 phr leads to a clear deterioration inthe fire protection properties, particular to a deterioration of theflame-proofing properties in terms of self-extinguishing, and thestandard can no longer be complied with. The underlying knowledge, thatin the present case it is not only the amount of flame retardants thatdetermines the fire performance, but rather the fire performance is alsoachieved through the reduction or absence of mineral oil additives, isaccordingly also novel.

Simultaneously, through the reduction in the amount of flame retardant,improved mechanical properties are achieved, which goes hand-in-handwith improved dynamic properties.

The proportion of M-group olefinic elastomers with saturated main chainof greater than 50 phr is likewise advantageous for good dynamicproperties.

Further advantageous embodiments and developments of the compositionresult from the features of the dependent claims:

Advantageous dynamic properties are achieved if the olefinic elastomeris contained in a proportion of greater than or equal to 70 phr or in aproportion of 100 phr as the only polymer component.

In order to further improve the properties of the composition, and inparticular the fire resistance, it is advantageous if at least onemineral oil plasticiser with a maximum proportion of less than or equalto 20 phr, preferably less than or equal to 10 phr, is contained as the,preferably sole, plasticiser. Very advantageous flame-retardantproperties are achieved if the composition is entirely free of mineraloil plasticisers.

In order to achieve good fire-protection properties, with as small aspossible an influence on the material properties, it has proven to beadvantageous to add magnesium hydroxide (MDH), aluminium hydroxide(ATH), antimony trioxide, nanoclays and/or zinc borate as the flameretardant, preferably a synergistically acting mixture of two or morethereof. In particular, the flame retardant or flame retardants aresolid and in powder form or crystalline.

In order to obtain a good flame-proofing action (self-extinguishing)with simultaneously improved mechanical properties, solidwater-releasing flame retardant (e.g. ATH, MDH, zinc borate) is/arecontained in an amount of 50 to 110 phr, preferably 60 to 100 phr withrespect to the polymer, provided the mineral oil content is less than 50phr. The reduction in the flame-proofing content improves the mechanicalparameters, in particular the dynamic and elastic properties of thecomposition. Self-extinguishing is achieved in the event of a fire.

The olefinic elastomer is advantageously a homopolymer or a copolymer ora terpolymer made from or comprising diene monomer units, in particulara terpolymer consisting of ethylene, propylene and a diene-containingtermonomer, preferably having a termonomer proportion of at least 0 wt.% to 12 wt. % with respect to the olefinic elastomer (according to ASTMD 6047). In this way, the double bonds required for sulfur cross-linkingcan also be provided.

In this context, it is advantageous if the olefinic elastomer isselected from the group consisting of ethylene propylene diene rubber(EPDM) and ethylene propylene rubber (EPM) and/or that the compositionconsists of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and/or ethylenepropylene rubber (EPM) as individual polymer components. In the event offire, ethylene propylene diene rubbers (EPDM) have large advantages interms of their low smoke density and toxicity. EPDM rubbers can also beformulated with a wide range of hardness and mechanical characteristicvalues. Further, EPDM rubbers offer advantages in terms of resistance toweather, ultraviolet, ozone and heat, and serve as a protective layerthat can minimise the ageing of dynamically stressed components to beprotected, for example components made from natural rubber.

The halogen-free, M-group olefinic rubbers, e.g. EPM or EPDM, withparticularly high molecular weight can be extended with mineral oils bythe manufacturer, in order to improve the processing behaviour.

Preferably, non-conjugated diene monomer units are contained, selectedfrom the group of 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene),2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-cyclopentadiene,dicyclopentadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene,1,4-hexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, tetrahydroindene, methyltetrahydroindene, ethylidene norbornene or 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene(ENB), 5-methylene-2-norbornene (MNB), 1,6 octadiene,5-methyl-1,4-hexadiene, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadiene,5-isopropylidene-2-norbornene, 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB).

It is particularly advantageous if the ethylene propylene diene monomerrubber (EPDM) is a terpolymer made from ethylene, propylene and5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) or dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), preferablycomprising a termonomer proportion of at least 2 to 12 wt. % withrespect to the terpolymer (in accordance with ASTM D 6047).

Due to the relatively low double bond content of EPDM with respect toother diene rubbers, a higher amount of accelerator needs to be used inorder to achieve an economically worthwhile vulcanisation speed. Thesolubility in EPDM of sulfur and the most polar accelerator oraccelerator residue is low. For this reason, a combination of aplurality of accelerators is used, in order to avoid blooming.

Cross-linking with sulfur and sulfur donors presupposes the presence ofdouble bonds of the ter-components. The length of the suffer bridges andthe cross-link density are determined by the ratio of sulfur, sulfurdonors and accelerators and the type of accelerator.

Frequently used accelerators include sulfenamides, e.g.N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide (CBS), thiazoles, e.g.2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), dithiocarbamates, e.g. zincdibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZBEC), guanidines, e.g. diphenylguanidine(DPG), or thiophosphates. Sulfur donors include e.g. thiuram,caprolactam disulfide or phosphoryl polysulfide.

Olefinic elastomer copolymers, such as EPM, are typically cross-linkedusing peroxides. Typical peroxides include dicumyl peroxide,di(2-tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene and2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)hexane,1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane andn-butyl-4,4-di(t-butylperoxy)valerate.

According to an advantageous embodiment, in addition to the M-groupelastomers, the composition contains at least one further polymercomponent, in particular a further, different elastomer, e.g. an R-groupor Q-group (silicone) elastomer, or a thermoplastic polymer. Preferablythe polymer components of the composition are in the form of asingle-phase, homogeneous polymer mixture or blend.

According to a further advantageous embodiment, avinyl-acetate-containing thermoplastics polymer is contained as afurther polymer component, in particular a homopolymer, copolymer orterpolymer of the vinyl acetate and preferably selected from the groupof polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).

A particularly low smoke density is obtained simultaneously with goodchemical properties, if the vinyl-acetate-containing polymer comprises avinyl acetate proportion of 40 to 75 wt. %, (LP Testing instruction No.015, Lanxess).

Ethylene vinyl acetate is mostly used in the field of cables. The polarvinyl acetate group simultaneously improves the flame resistance and theoil resistance Smoke density is low and the smoke gas has no toxicity.Ethylene vinyl acetate simultaneously has an excellent resistance toweather, ultraviolet, ozone and heat.

In this context, it is advantageous if the vinyl-acetate-containingpolymer has a melting temperature or a beginning of the melting regionof less than 150° C., preferably less than 100° C., and if appropriate alow viscosity at typical rubber processing temperatures. A good mixturecan be achieved in this way and, at the same time, vulcanization isentirely prevented.

An advantageous composition is characterised in that it contains EPM orEPDM at 50 to 100 phr, in particular 70 to 100 phr, preferably 80 to 100phr, vinyl-acetate-containing polymer in an amount from 0 to 50 phr, inparticular 0 to 30 phr, preferably 0 to 20 phr, in each case withrespect to the total weight of the polymers, wherein the values in phrrelate respectively to the ratio of the pure polymer components to oneanother or to the amount of polymers EVA+EPDM (=100 phr) without filler,additive or flame retardant. In this way, an intimate mixture of thepolymer components and an approximately single-phase system is obtained.

Vinyl-acetate-containing polymers without double bonds in the main chainand without double-bond containing monomers are usually cross-linkedusing peroxides.

If vinyl-acetate-containing polymers are used together with EPDM, it mayalso be desired to form a continuous network by sulfur cross-linkingonly the EPDM, and the vinyl-acetate-containing polymer is present withno cross-linking.

Paraffinic plasticisers are often used for plasticisingvinyl-acetate-containing polymers. Synthetic plasticisers such asadipates or sebacates are used to improve low-temperature flexibility,and phosphoric acid esters are used, for example, to improve theflame-proofing effect.

Particularly advantageous compositions in terms of the mechanical andfire-retarding properties thereof, consist of the following polymercomponents:

-   ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) or-   ethylene propylene rubber (EPM) or-   ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and ethylene vinyl acetate    (EVA) as homogeneous polymer mixture, or

ethylene propylene rubber (EPM) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as ahomogeneous polymer mixture, or

ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as ahomogeneous polymer mixture, or

ethylene propylene rubber (EPM) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as ahomogeneous polymer mixture.

In order to achieve further desired and/or required properties of theflame-retarding polymer composition, it is additionally proposed thatthe material contains further additives such as dyes, carbon black,processing aids, anti-ageing agents or similar and cross-linking agents.Phosphoric acid ester is applied during the use of flame-proofingplasticisers, which because of its polarity is only compatible with alimited range of non-polar rubbers. A particularly advantageousqualitative and quantitative composition is as follows:

-   -   ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) or ethylene propylene        rubber (EPM): 70-100 phr,    -   vinyl-acetate-containing polymer, in particular ethylene vinyl        acetate (EVA): 0-30 phr,    -   mineral oil plasticiser 0-10 phr,    -   flame retardant, in particular aluminium hydroxide (ATH): 60 to        100 phr,    -   carbon black, variable depending on the hardness: 0-80 phr,    -   remainder process materials, additives etc.

If the polymer component or the polymer components of the composition,i.e. the lid-group elastomers and/or the further polymer components aresingle-phase and homogeneous, in particular without a macroscopic ormicroscopically visible phase separation, and/or form a substantially,in particular both macroscopic and microscopically visible single-phaseand homogeneous mixture, in particular without phase separation beingvisible by the naked eye and/or using light microscopy, particularlyadvantageous mechanical properties of the polymers arise, in particularwith respect to the elastic and dynamic characteristics. This includesthe fact that the mixture is advantageously single-phase, such that, inthe mixture and/or in the final composition, there are no elastomerparticles having an average particle diameter of greater than 0.5 μm, inparticular greater than 0.1 μm, preferably greater than 0.01 μm, and/orno rubber domains with an average diameter of greater than 0.5 μm, inparticular greater than 0.1 μm, preferably greater than 0.01 μm. Inparticular there are no identifiable or detectable polymer particles orrubber domains present. The composition, the polymer components and/orthe polymer mixture is also free of dispersed elastomer particles orrubber domains. There is an entirely interpenetrating, chemicallycross-linked network of individual polymer components.

In this context, it is particularly advantageous if or that thevulcanised polymer mixture comprises exclusively elastomers and has nothermoplastic properties, or if or that the vulcanised polymer mixtureor the composition has in particular mainly elastomer properties in boththe temperature region of the application as well as at elevatedtemperatures of 150 to 200° C., for short periods of time. This alsorepresents an important difference from thermoplastic elastomers andthermoplastic elastomers to be cross-linked (TPE-V):

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE-V) cross-linked by dynamic vulcanisationhave, in the area of application at low temperatures, e.g. at roomtemperature, largely elastomer properties, and behave comparably, inthis region, to conventional elastomers. However, in the processingregion at elevated temperature, they have predominantly thermoplasticproperties, and are accordingly able to flow and are plasticallydeformable or heat deformable and have a characteristic melting point ormelting region or softening region. The properties here are determinedby the thermoplastic, non-cross-linked matrix of polypropylene or vinylacetate for example. The elastomer particles, embedded and cross-linkedtherein, have certain elastic properties, but however have nosubstantial influence on the hot workability and the flowability.

However, depending on the vulcanisation, the compositions according tothe invention have almost exclusively elastomer or rubber-elasticproperties over the entire relevant temperature spectrum, both in theapplication range as well as in the elevated temperature range. When thetemperature is increased, the bodies soften but are never able to flow,having no melting point or melting region. Accordingly, in thetemperature range up to 200° C., the vulcanised polymer mixture or thecomposition has no melting peak as measured by differential scanningcalorimetry. Moreover, following vulcanisation, no hot forming and nosecond shaping step is possible.

Thermoplastic elastomers are therefore also substantially less thermallyand dynamically loadable than the advantageous compositions according tothe invention, and tend to creep at elevated temperatures.

An advantageously vulcanised polymer mixture or composition also has, ina temperature range from room temperature to approximately 200° C., aloss factor (ratio of the loss modulus to the storage modulus underdynamic stress) of tan δ<0.3, measured according to ISO 4664 “elastomersor thermoplastic elastomers—determination of dynamic properties”. Thisshows that in a temperature range in which the TPE-Vs are typicallyprocessed, the elastic properties of the composition according to theinvention predominate in comparison with the viscous properties and thusno further shaping is possible.

It is also advantageous that the composition is not formed as athermoplastic elastomer (TPE), in particular not as an olefin-basedthermoplastic elastomer (TPE-O) or as a cross-linked olefin-basedthermoplastic elastomer (TPE-V).

A particularly advantageous composition according to the invention isproduced or obtainable by mixing the polymer component or polymercomponents to form a homogeneous blend and, in particular, subsequentincorporation of cross-linking agents, the flame retardant and ifnecessary further additives and/or process materials, while strictlyavoiding any cross-linking or vulcanisation, preferably at a temperatureof at most 110° C. A shaping step and the vulcanisation only takes placeafter this, in particular at an elevated temperature and if necessaryunder pressure. The vulcanisation does not take place under shearstress, i.e. not during intensive mixing as in dynamic vulcanisation.

Advantageously, the vulcanisation temperature, in particular withEPDM/EVA, is at a temperature of less than 240° C., preferably in atemperature range from 130 to 190° C. This represents a furtherdifference from cross-linked thermoplastic elastomers in which thecross-linking already takes place by means of dynamic vulcanisationduring mixing at high temperature and in the presence of strong shearstress. In contrast to this, for the composition according to theinvention, vulcanisation is avoided during mixing and the cross-linkingfirst takes place at the end, in particular after shaping, at elevatedtemperature, but not in the presence of shear stress. In this way, theproperties of the composition that are typical of rubber, also have apositive influence with a high flame retardant content.

The resulting advantageous composition can thus be obtained by “static”vulcanisation, in particular after shaping. In the present case, theterm static vulcanisation shall be understood to mean vulcanisationwhilst avoiding any shear stress or avoiding any dynamic vulcanisation.

The composition according to the invention advantageously has thefollowing characteristic values:

-   -   a hardness of 40 to 90 Shore A, preferably 55 to 85, Shore A        (DIN ISO 7619-1) and/or    -   a tensile strength >5 MPa, preferably >7 MPa (DIN 53504) and/or    -   a tear resistance of >7 N/mm, preferably >10 N/mm (DIN ISO        34-1B) and/or    -   a wear volume <400 mm³, preferably <300 mm³ (DIN ISO 4669)        and/or    -   a density <1.4 g/cm³, preferably <1.3 g/cm³ (DIN ISO 1183-1)        and/or    -   a MARHE value (ISO 5660-1) <90 kW/m², in particular <60 kW/m²        and/or meets the requirements of standard EN 45545-2 HL 3        R9/R22/23.

From this, it is clear that the essential characteristic values for thedynamic and elastic properties are retained and that the mechanicalcharacteristic values are substantially higher than for current standardflame-proofing mixtures according to EN 45545-2.

In order to improve the requirements with respect to smoke density andtoxicity, it is advantageous if all the polymer components, inparticular the entire composition, are halogen free.

In this context, the invention also comprises a method for producing anadvantageous composition according to the invention, wherein polymercomponents, the cross-linking agent or agents, the flame retardant orflame retardants and, if appropriate, further additives and processmaterials are first mixed so as to form a homogeneous blend, whileavoiding cross-linking and/or vulcanisation, and subsequently followedby a shaping step, for example by injection (IM). Only then, at theearliest during or at the end of shaping, in particular after fullycompleted shaping, is the vulcanisation carried out, and indeed bystatic, non-dynamic vulcanisation avoiding shear stress.

It is particularly advantageous for avoiding premature vulcanisation inthis context, if the step of mixture creation before shaping is carriedout at below a critical temperature and within a critical time, inparticular at a temperature of at most 125° C., preferably in the rangefrom 50° C. to at most 110° C. During preparation of the mixture, theblend or polymer components are present in a softened state.

A further advantageous method, likewise in order to avoid prematurecross-linking or vulcanisation, involves the shaping being carried outat below a critical temperature and within a critical time, inparticular at a temperature of at most 130° C., in particular in therange from 70° C. to 100° C.

The actual vulcanisation then advantageously takes place at atemperature of at most 240° C. in particular in the range from 160° C.to 180° C. Advantageously, the cross-linking takes place at a highertemperature than the mixing and/or shaping, in particular also at apressure of 100 to 200 bar, or if appropriate without pressure.

Through these method steps or method procedure an advantageouscomposition results or is obtained, which has the desired features.

In comparison to the method according to the invention, in the known“dynamic vulcanisation” such a polymer mixture is mixed in the presenceof a high shear stress and thus simultaneously vulcanised, i.e. beforeshaping. In this way, small droplets are formed from the unsaturatedelastomers, in which the cross-linking takes place. The intensiveprocessing at high shear stress leads to a permanent isolation of thesedroplets and has the result that no connections or sulfur bridges areformed between the individual droplets. In this way, for example, auniform thermoplastic matrix is formed from vinyl-acetate-containingpolymer, e.g. EVA, in which isolated islands of elastomers, e.g. EPDM,are present, dispersed in this thermoplastic matrix. No connectionsexist between the individual separate elastomer particles. Thus there isno network running through the entire matrix of mixture bodies obtainedin this way, which runs completely through the bodies, rather thecross-linking is exclusively limited to the individual elastomerparticles.

In contrast to this, through the advantageous method according to theinvention, no isolated, internally cross-linked elastomer particles areformed, rather an interpenetrating mixture is formed comprising thechains of vinyl-acetate-containing polymer and the elastomer chains. Thepolymer components are present as chemical, wide-mesh, cross-linked,spatial network molecules, wherein the cross-linking cannot be releasedwithout decomposition of the materials. The polymer mixture is free fromvulcanised elastomer particles dispersed therein, in particular freefrom elastomer particles or rubber domains with an average (particle)diameter of greater than 0.5 μm, in particular greater than 0.1 μm,preferably greater than 0.01 μm.

The invention further relates to a flame-proofed article. This articlecan potentially consist exclusively of the composition according to theinvention, for example as a moulded part. Alternatively, such an articlemay only partially comprise said composition, for example in the form ofa coating on a base body, for example on a fabric.

The invention also relates to an elastic composite element, suitable fordamping oscillations and vibrations, and for suspension, comprising abase body which is provided with a coating of the composition accordingto the invention, at least partially or in sections, on the outersurface thereof, if appropriate over the entire outer surface thereof.In the event of a combination of materials, it is advantageous if thebase body is mostly formed from rubber, for example from polybutadienerubber, styrene butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile rubber, ethylenepropylene diene rubber, foam rubber or mixtures thereof, preferably fromnatural rubber. The required elastic and/or dynamic properties of thebase body of the elastic elements are in addition preferablystrengthened and/or supported such that filler and/or strengtheningmaterial, plasticiser, vulcanisation accelerator, cross-linking agent,ageing protection agent or similar are added to the base body in a knownmanner. According to a preferred further development, the coating isbonded to the base body in a fixed and inseparable manner, wherein thecoating on the base body is preferably applied by assembly, extrusion,pressing, spraying and subsequent co-extrusion. Through the abovedescribed method, it is possible in a simple and reliable way to producethe elastic composite element comprising the base body and theflame-retarding and/or fire-retarding coating by producing anappropriately secure bond between the base body and the coating.According to the invention, the base body is further provided with areinforcement, for example fibres, in particular glass fibres, syntheticfibres, CRP fibres, GRP fibres, a material or fabric or similar.

The invention further relates to the advantageous use of the material,the article or the elastic composite elements as a spring element,damping element, seal, hose, mat, moulded part, protective clothing,etc. or as components thereof.

The article can advantageously also be used, in particular when formedas an endless profile or elastomer profile, in particular for windows orfor sealing between frames and glass.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Examples of the composition according to the invention:

EXAMPLE 1

EPDM mixture without vinyl-acetate-containing polymer

Cross-linking: Sulfur:

Hardness: approx. 50 80 Shore A

Recipe data in phr

Mixture number 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Hardness, Shore A 56 5255 58 60 63 72 80 EPDM (Ethylene: 55 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 wt.%, ENB: 6.5 wt. %) Paraffinic mineral oil 55 50 40 25 18 12 5 0 withC_(aromatic): 2% Carbon black Durex O/35 15 15 15 15 27 40 50 60 (IodineAbsorption Number: 30 mg/g; ASTM D 1510) AI(OH)₃ with d₅₀ = 1 μm 160 8070 60 60 60 60 60 Zinc borate d₅₀ = 2.1 μm 10 Zinc oxide, 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 BET = 4.5 m²/g Ground sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Deovuk BG187 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 (accelerator mixture) Stearic acids 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Silicic acid/kaolinite 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 mixture with d₅₀ < 2.4 μmMixture number 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Hardness, Shore A 56 5255 58 60 63 72 80 Fire test 1 Burner test Extinguishing time, s50-100 >100 >100 50-100 40 <6 <5 <3 Assessment Weakly ModeratelyModerately Weakly Self- Self- Self- Self- afterburning afterburningafterburning afterburning extinguishing extinguishing extinguishingextingushing Fire test 2 EN 45545-2, R9 Smoke gas density 105 90 85 7158 57 <60 <60 (ISO 5669-2): D_(s)max Smoke gas toxicity 0.04 0.02 0.020.02 0.02 0.02 0.018 0.015 (ISO 5669-2): CIT_(G) Heat release rate >9080 77 65 58 57 54 50 (ISO 5660-1): MARHE (kW/m²) Not met R9/HL2 R9/HL2R9/HL2 R9/HL3 R9/HL3 R9/HL3 R9/HL3 Mixture number 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.41.5 1.6 1.7 Hardness, Shore A 56 53 55 56 60 63 72 80 Density g/cm³ 1.421.22 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.29 Elasticity, % 39 53 53 53 49 46 42 36Notch toughness, N/mm 6.2 7.2 7.3 7.6 8.4 9.8 12.8 14.1 Tensilestrength, MPa 4.7 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.8 7.9 8.1 Elong. at break % 481 510500 480 420 390 340 310 Wear volume, mm³ 620 290 294 297 291 285 270 261

Among other things, it can be seen here that the standards for fireprotection are already fulfilled at less than 50 phr mineral oil, andsimultaneously the mechanical and dynamic values are advantageous.

EXAMPLE 2

EPDM mixture without vinyl-acetate-containing polymer

Hardness: 80 Shore A

Cross-linking: Peroxide

Reference: Mixture 2.1 not flame-proofed

Recipe data in phr

Mixture 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 EPDM (Ethylene content: 48 wt. %, 100 100 100100 ENB: 7.8 wt. %) Carbon black N 550 60 60 60 50 Paraffinic mineraloil with C_(aromatic): 0 20 10 0 2% Al(OH)₃ with d₅₀ = 1 gm 0 100 100 50Di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)- 6 6 6 6 benzene Trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate 1 1 1 1 Silicic acid/kaolinite mixture with d₅₀ <2.4 μm10 20 20 10 Fire test 1 Burner test Extinguishing time, s >100 50-100 15<3 Assessment Not self- Weakly Self- Self- extinguishing, afterburningextinguishing extinguishing burns increasingly Hardness, Shore A 80 7581 80 Density, g/cm³ 1.10 1.34 1.36 1.25 Elasticity, % 56 45 52 48 Notchtoughness, N/mm 12 10 10.2 10.5 Tensile strength, N/mm² 12.7 8.1 9.410.4 Elong. at break % 155 217 167 190

EXAMPLE 3

EPDM mixture with vinyl-acetate-containing polymer

Cross-linking: Peroxide

Hardness: 75-80 Shore A

Recipe data in phr

Mixture 3.1 3.2 3.3 EPDM (Ethylene content; 52 wt. %, 90 90 80 ENB : 7.5wt. %) EVA with 60 wt. % VAC 10 10 20 Carbon black N 550 50 50 50Paraffinic mineral oil with C_(aromatic): 2% 20 10 10 Mg(OH)₂, d₅₀ = 0.9μm 110 90 90 Zinc borate d₅₀ = 2.1 μm 10 10 10Di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene 7 7 7 Trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate 1 1 1 Silicic acid/kaolinite mixture with d₅₀ <2.4 15 1515 Fire test 1 Burner test Extinguishing time, s 15 10 spontaneousAssessment Self- Self- Self- extinguishing extinguishing extinguishingMixture 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hardness, Shore A 77 78 78 Density, g/cm³ 1.32 1.311.31 Elasticity, % 47 46 42 Notch toughness, N/mm 10.1 12.2 11.8 Tensilestrength, N/mm² 9.3 9.5 9.6 Elong. at break % 189 205 210

In examples 2 and 3, the effects of the mineral oil content and theflame retardant content can be seen

EXAMPLE 4

EPDM with butyl rubber (IIR) (R-type elastomer)

Hardness: 46 Shore A

Cross-linking: Sulfur:

Recipe data in phr

Mixture number 4.0 Hardness, Shore A 46 EPDM (Ethylene: 55 wt. %, ENB:6.5 70 IIR (ML 1 + 8, 125° C.: 51, unsaturated 30 fraction: 1.7 mol %Paraffinic mineral oil with C_(aromatic): 2% 30 Carbon black N 550 10Al(OH)₃with d₅₀ = 1 μm 80 Silicic acid/kaolinite mixture with d_(50 <)10 Zinc oxide, BET = 4.5 m²/g 5 Stearic acids 1 Deovulc BG 187(accelerator mixture) 6 Ground sulfur 2.0 Fire test 1 Burner testExtinguishing time, s 50-100 Assessment Weakly Mixture 4 Hardness, ShoreA 46 Density, g/cm³ 1.22 Tensile strength, N/mm² 9.6 Elong. at break %760

The burner test was carried out with the following set-up:

-   The distance from the Bunsen burner to the sample was 140 mm. The    sample body had a diameter of 42 mm with a thickness of 6 mm. It was    flamed for 45 seconds. After the end of flaming, the afterburning    behaviour was observed and the time till self-extinguishing was    measured.

The fire test according to EN 45545-2 was carried out according to thedefined standards.

The production of the example recipes was carried out either on arolling mill or in an internal mixer:

When working on the rolling mill, the following sequence was employed:EPM/EPDM and if appropriate EVA were mixed together until a smoothrolled sheet was obtained. No roll cooling was employed in this case. Inorder to ensure homogeneity, before adding the additives the mixturesheet was alternately notched three times from the left and right toapproximately ¾ of the roll width at an angle of approximately 45° andthe thus detached mixture was applied again on the other side, referredto below as 3× left and right notching. Before beginning the admixingprocess of the other mixture components, the water cooling of the rollsis switched on. The addition of the solid and liquid additives proceedsin small amounts, with continuous gap adjustment. Once the rubber hasabsorbed all the substances, it is uniformly notched three times fromthe left and right in turn. The rolled sheet is removed from the rolland stored for 10 minutes at room temperature in order to allow coolingof the mixture and the roll. The accelerator is then added together withthe sulfur. Once the mixture has absorbed the accelerator and sulfur, itis again notched three times from the left and right. Finally, thecompleted mixture is removed completely from the rolls and inverted sixtimes. Alternatively, the rolled sheet is fed out, in and transverse tothe roll direction. The rolled sheet is then removed in the desiredsheet thickness.

When working with the internal mixer, the following sequence wasemployed:

-   Before beginning the mixing process, the mixing chamber was    temperature controlled at 50° C.+/−5° C. First EPM/EPDM and if    necessary EVA were filled and kneaded for 120 seconds with a lowered    die. The solid and liquid additives were then added. The die was    lowered and the mixture kneaded for a further 120 seconds. The die    is then cleaned and the mixture is mixed for a further maximum of 60    seconds or until obtaining a mass temperature of 100° C. in the    mixing chamber and then discharged. Mixture cooling and    homogenisation takes place on the subsequent rolling mill by means    of a stock blender. The coolant water temperature at the inlet has a    maximum temperature of 30° C. The accelerator is added when the    mixture has attained a temperature of approximately 80° C.+/−5° C.    After further homogenising with the stock blender (5 cycles), the    mixture sheet is taken from the roll and taken on a transport    carriage for further processing.

The example recipes were prepared in an LH 50 A internal mixer (built in1961), according to the above methods with a rotary speed of thetangential blades of 30 rpm. After discharging the mixture at 100° C.,the mixture is cooled on a roller mill (Berstorff 1500 mm), as describedabove, and the accelerator mixed in. Mixture sheets having a thicknessof 4 mm are taken from the roll and stored on a transport carriage untilfurther processing.

The vulcanisation of the mixture in example 1 is carried out in a pressat 160° C. for 30 minutes and at a pressure of 200 bar, however in eachcase after successful shaping and avoiding any shear stress; thevulcanisation of the mixture of examples 2 and 3 was carried out 180° C.for 10 minutes under otherwise identical conditions. Alternatively, thevulcanisation can also be carried out without pressure or at normalpressure, but in each case at elevated temperature, e.g. by continuousvulcanisation in the salt bath for profiles.

The thus obtained composition can undergo shaping and is subsequentlyvulcanised and used directly in this form, without further processingsteps, as a flame-proofed article, for example as a profile.Alternatively, the resulting composition can also be further processedinto a composite element and only be vulcanised after the end producthas been produced.

What is claimed is:
 1. A flame retardant, vulcanised polymercomposition, comprising: a halogen-free olefinic M-group elastomer as apolymer component with a saturated main chain at an amount of greaterthan 50 Parts per Hundred Rubber (phr) with respect to polymercomponents; a halogen-free water-releasing flame retardant or acombination of different halogen-free water-releasing flame retardantsat an amount of in total 30 to 130 phr; and a mineral oil plasticiserhaving an amount of less than or equal to 50 phr.
 2. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the mineral oil plasticiser is in a maximum amount ofless than or equal to 20 phr, preferably less than or equal to 10 phr,and/or the composition is free of mineral oil plasticisers.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein halogen-free olefinic elastomers areincluded at an amount greater than or equal to 70 phr or with an amountof 100 phr as the only polymer components.
 4. The composition of claim1, wherein an amount of the water-releasing flame retardants are in arange from 50 to 110 phr, preferably from 60 to 100 phr.
 5. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the water-releasing flame retardantincludes metal hydrates, preferably magnesium hydroxide (MDH), aluminiumhydroxide (ATH) and/or zinc borate, preferably a mixture thereof, and/orthe water-releasing flame retardant is solid and in a powder or in acrystalline form.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinicelastomer comprises a homopolymer or a copolymer or a terpolymer, withdiene monomer units, in particular terpolymer including ethylene,propylene and a diene-containing termonomer, preferably with atermonomer amount of at least 0 wt. % to 12 wt% with respect to theolefinic elastomer.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefinicelastomer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene propylenediene rubber (EPDM) and ethylene propylene rubber (EPM), and/or thecomposition includes ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and/orethylene propylene rubber (EPM) as individual polymer components.
 8. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the olefinic elastomer is a rubberhaving an unsaturated side group, in particular an ethylene propylenediene rubber (EPDM), which preferably includes non-conjugated, dienemonomer units, selected from the group consisting of 1,3-butadiene,2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene), 2,3dimethyl-1,3-butadiene,1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-cyclopentadiene, dicyclopentadiene,2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 1,4-hexadiene,1,4-cyclohexadiene, tetrahydroindene, methyl tetrahydroindene,ethylidene norbornene and/or 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB),5-methylene-2-norbornene (MNB), 1,6 octadiene, 5-methyl-1,4-hexadiene,3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadiene, 5-iso-propylidene-2-norbornene,5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB), wherein the ethylene propylene diene rubber(EPDM) is preferably a terpolymer from ethylene, propylene and5-ethylidene-2-norbomene (ENB) or dicyclopentadiene (DCPD).
 9. Thecomposition of claim 1, further comprising at least one further polymercomponent, in particular an R-group or Q-group (silicon) elastomer or athermoplastic polymer, said polymer components of the composition beingpresent as a homogeneous polymer mixture or a blend.
 10. The compositionof claim 9, wherein the at least one further polymer component is avinyl-acetate-containing thermoplastic polymer, in particular ahomopolymer, copolymer or terpolymer of vinyl acetate and preferablyselected from the group consisting of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) orethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
 11. The composition of claim 10, whereinthe vinyl-acetate-containing thermoplastic polymer has a meltingtemperature or a beginning of a melting region of less than 150° C.,preferably less than 100° C., and/or the vinyl-acetate-containingthermoplastic polymer includes a vinyl acetate fraction of 40 to 75 wt.%, and/or, if appropriate an uncross-linked, vinyl-acetate-containingpolymer is in a amount from 0 to 50 phr.
 12. The composition of claim 9,further comprising ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) or ethylenepropylene rubber (EPM) or ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) andethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as a homogeneous polymer mixture, orethylene propylene rubber (EPM) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as ahomogeneous polymer mixture, or ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM)and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as a homogeneous polymer mixture, orethylene propylene rubber (EPM) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as ahomogeneous polymer mixture.
 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein avulcanised matrix on a mixture matrix is formed by a peroxide or asulphur or a sulphur-containing network system and a cross-linkingsystem extends over the entire vulcanised matrix and is fullyestablished.
 14. The composition of claim 9, wherein the polymer mixtureis formed as an interpenetrating mixture from chains of thevinyl-acetate-containing polymers and the polymer mixture has sulphurcross-links, elastomer chains, and/or the polymer components are presentas chemical, wide-mesh, cross-linked, spatial network molecules.
 15. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the polymer component or the polymercomponents of the composition are single-phase and homogeneous, inparticular without a macroscopic and a microscopically visible phaseseparation, and/or the polymer components are present together as in asubstantially single-phase and homogeneous mixture, and/or thecomposition, the polymer components or the polymer mixture are free ofdispersed vulcanised particles of elastomers, in particular free ofelastomer particles or rubber domains with an average diameter greaterthan 0.5 μm, in particular greater than 0.1 μm, preferably greater than0.01 μm.
 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein both in a temperaturerange of an application and in an elevated temperature region, inparticular for short periods at 150 to 200° C., the composition haselastomer properties or exclusively has elastomer properties and has nothermoplastic properties, said thermoplastic properties being atbackground levels or being absolutely absent, or the composition is notformed as a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), in particular not formed asan olefin-based thermoplastic elastomer (TPE-O) or as a cross-linkedolefin-based thermoplastic elastomer (TPE-V).
 17. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the composition has no melting peak as measured bydynamic differential scamming calorimetry in a temperature up to 200° C.18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a lossfactor of tan <0.3 in a temperature range from room temperature toapproximately 200° C., said loss factor being a ratio of loss to storagemodulus under dynamic shear stress.
 19. The composition of claim 1,produced or obtained by producing the polymer component or by mixing thepolymer components into a homogeneous blend, with the composition notbeing cross-linked and/or vulcanised in particular to subsequentincorporation of a cross-linking agent, a flame retardant, additivesand/or process materials, preferably at a maximum temperature of 110°C., said composition then being shaped and vulcanised without beingcarried out under shear stress, in particular at an elevatedtemperature, and if appropriate under pressure,
 20. The composition ofclaim 19, obtained by static vulcanisation while avoiding shear stressand/or avoiding dynamic vulcanisation, in particular after successfulshaping.
 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer components,in particular the entire composition, are halogen-free.
 22. Thecomposition of claim 1, further comprising: an ethylene propylene dienerubber (EPDM) or ethylene propylene rubber (EPM) at an amount of 70-100phr; a vinyl-acetate-containing polymer, in particular ethylene vinylacetate (EVA) at an amount of 0-30 phr; a mineral oil plasticiser at anamount of 0-10 phr; a flame retardant, in particular aluminium hydroxide(ATH) at an amount of 60 to 100 phr; carbon black at an amount of 0-80phr; and the remainder being process materials and additives.
 23. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a hardness of 40 to90 Shore A, preferably 55 to 85 Shore A and/or a tensile strength >5MPa, preferably >7 MPa, and/or a wear volume <400 mm³, preferably <300mm³, and/or a density <1.4 g/cm³, preferably <1.3 g/cm³, and/or a MARHEvalue (ISO 5660-1) <90 kW/m², in particular <60 kW/m², and complies withstandard EN 45545-2.
 24. A method for producing a flame retardant,vulcanised polymer composition, comprising: mixing together polymercomponent(s) with cross-linking agent(s), and flame retardant(s), and ifappropriate, additives and process materials, in an absence ofcross-linking and/or vulcanisation components so as to form ahomogeneous mixture; shaping the polymer composition; and vulcanisingthe polymer composition at the earliest during or at the end of theshaping, in particular after completed shaping as a static, non-dynamicvulcanisation, thereby avoiding creating shear stress.
 25. The method ofclaim 24, wherein the mixing to form the mixture is carried out beforethe shaping at a temperature and for a time that is not critical forpremature vulcanisation, in particular at a temperature of at most 125°C., preferably in a range from 50° C. to at most 110° C., and/or themixture and/or polymer component(s) are present in a softened stateduring the mixing.
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the shaping iscarried out at a temperature and for a time that are not critical forpremature vulcanisation, in particular at a temperature of at most 130°C., in particular in a range from 70° C. to 100° C.
 27. The method ofclaim 24, wherein the vulcanising takes place at a temperature of atmost 240° C., in particular in a range from 160° C. to 180° C.,preferably at an elevated with respect to the mixing and/or the shaping,in particular at a pressure of 100 to 200 bar.
 28. A composition,comprising: a halogen-free olefinic M-group elastomer as a polymercomponent with a saturated main chain at an amount of greater than 50Parts per Hundred Rubber (phr) with respect to polymer components; ahalogen-free water-releasing flame retardant or a combination ofdifferent halogen-free water-releasing flame retardants at an amount ofin total 30 to 130 phr; and a mineral oil plasticiser having an amountof less than or equal to 50 phr, wherein the composition is prepared bya method as set forth in claim
 55. 29. A flame-retardant article,comprising a composition including a halogen-free olefinic M-groupelastomer as a polymer component with a saturated main chain at anamount of greater than 50 Parts per Hundred Rubber (phr) with respect topolymer components, a halogen-free water-releasing flame retardant or acombination of different halogen-free water-releasing flame retardantsat an amount of in total 30 to 130 phr and a mineral oil plasticiserhaving an amount of less than or equal to 50 phr.
 30. An elasticflame-proof composite element, suitable for damping oscillations and forsuspension, comprising: a base body made from rubber and provided with acoating of a composition including a halogen-free olefinic M-groupelastomer as a polymer component with a saturated main chain at anamount of greater than 50 Parts per Hundred Rubber (phr) with respect topolymer components, a halogen-free water-releasing flame retardant or acombination of different halogen-tree water-releasing flame retardantsat an amount of in total 30 to 130 phr and a mineral oil plasticiserhaving an amount of less than or equal to 50 phr, said compositioncoating the base body at least partially or in sections, on an outersurface thereof, if appropriate, over the entire outer surface thereof.31. The composition of claim 30, used as a spring element, a dampingelement, a seal, a hose, a mat, a moulded part, a protective clothing,or as an elastomer profile, in particular for windows or as a componentthereof.
 32. The article of claim 31, used as a spring element, adamping element, a seal, a hose, a mat, a moulded part, a protectiveclothing, or as an elastomer profile, in particular for windows or as acomponent thereof.
 33. The composite element of claim 32, used as aspring element, a damping element, a seal, a hose, a mat, a mouldedpart, a protective clothing, or as an elastomer profile, in particularfor windows or as a component thereof.